
Preface
6
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Control System
1
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How to Contact The MathWorks:
2
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Control Design Tools
10
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The Root Locus Design GUI
11
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Design Case Studies
12
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Reliable Computations
13
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Reference
13
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Contents
14
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Preface
16
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Installation
17
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Typographic Conventions
19
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Quick Start
21
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1 Quick Start
22
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LTI Models
23
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Model Conversion
25
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LTI Properties
27
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System Interconnections
39
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Other Uses of FRD Models
47
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LTI Objects
47
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Precedence Rules
49
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Creating LTI Models
53
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Pure Gains
55
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MIMO Zero-Pole-Gain Models
57
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Direct Property Referencing
77
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Automatic Conversion
87
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Time Delays
89
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Distillation Column Example
91
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2 LTI Models
100
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References
103
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Operations on LTI Models
105
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3 Operations on LTI Models
106
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Resizing LTI Systems
113
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Arithmetic Operations
115
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Multiplication
117
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Concatenation of LTI Models
121
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Matched Poles and Zeros
127
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Arrays of LTI Models
133
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4 Arrays of LTI Models
134
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Introduction
135
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The Concept of an LTI Array
137
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Building LTI Arrays
145
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Indexing Into LTI Arrays
153
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Operations on LTI Arrays
157
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Dimension Requirements
159
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Model Analysis Tools
163
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5 Model Analysis Tools
164
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General Model Characteristics
165
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Model Dynamics
167
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State-Space Realizations
169
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Time and Frequency Response
171
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Frequency Response
173
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Customizing the Plot Display
179
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The LTI Viewer
183
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6 The LTI Viewer
184
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File menu has
189
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Tools menu items
189
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1 Click on the marker
191
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Importing Models
193
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The LTI Viewer Menus
197
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Interactive Help
199
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The Right-Click Menus
201
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Characteristics or the
203
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The Axes Grouping Submenu
205
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Axes Grouping
205
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Shift key while
209
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Arrays pull-down tab
213
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Index into Dimensions
217
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The LTI Viewer Tools Menu
221
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2 Select either:
229
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Simulink LTI Viewer
231
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A Sample Analysis Task
231
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Model_Inputs_and_Outputs
233
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Get Line arized Mod el
239
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Linearized Model
239
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Performing Linear Analysis
243
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Saving Analysis Models
247
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7 Control Design Tools
250
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Root Locus Design
251
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Pole Placement
253
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Optimal State-Feedback Gain
257
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Kalman State Estimator
257
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LQG Design
259
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The Root Locus Design
261
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8 The Root Locus Design GUI
262
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A Servomechanism Example
265
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Specifying the Design Model
271
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Gain text boxon the
273
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As you get close to a closed
275
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Zoom button to zoom in
277
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Gain,andpressingthe
281
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Gain box
283
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Add Grid/Boundary menu
285
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Tools menu
285
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Edit Compensator menu item to
287
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Add compensator poles here
289
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Compensator
293
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Marker for the
295
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Then type
297
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Designating the Model Source
299
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Listing Poles and Zeros
301
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Show Ob ject buttons in this
303
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OK to close this window
303
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The plant, P (Gservo)
305
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The root locus
305
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Sensor dynamics, H
305
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Pre-filter, F
305
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9 Design Case Studies
310
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H = zpk(0,–0.333,1);
323
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D = zpk(0.85,0,1,Ts)
333
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LQG Regulation
339
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Cross-Coupling Between Axes
351
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MIMO LQG Design
355
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Steady-State Design
359
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Kalman Filtering
361
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Time-Varying Kalman Filter
365
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10 Reliable Computations
374
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Choice of LTI Model
381
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11 Reference
392
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Category Tables
393
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11append
402
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Example The commands
403
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Feedback connection
404
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Parallel connection
404
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Series connection
404
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Syntax asys = augstate(sys)
405
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Syntax sysb = balreal(sys)
406
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Phase (deg); Magnitude (dB)
407
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Algorithm Consider the model
408
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Syntax bode(sys)
409
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Syntax sysd = c2d(sys,Ts)
414
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Example Consider the system
414
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Modal Form
417
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Companion Form
417
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Examples Example 1
420
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Example 2
421
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Example w = logspace(1,2,2);
423
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11connect
424
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Center, 1976
429
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Syntax [P,Q] = covar(sys,W)
430
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Syntax Co = ctrb(A,B)
433
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Syntax sysc = d2c(sysd)
438
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Syntax sys1 = d2d(sys,Ts)
441
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Syntax [Wn,Z] = damp(sys)
442
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1746–1754
446
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11dcgain
447
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Syntax sys = delay2z(sys)
448
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Syntax X = dlyap(A,Q)
451
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Syntax sys = drss(n)
452
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Syntax sys = dss(a,b,c,d,e)
455
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Example The command
456
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11dssdata
457
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Syntax s = esort(p)
458
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, sort Sort system poles
459
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Compute system poles
459
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Pole-zero map
459
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Compute (transmission) zeros
459
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Syntax est = estim(sys,L)
460
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11evalfr
462
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11feedback
463
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Example 3
466
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Syntax sys = filt(num,den)
467
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Example Typing the commands
468
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Example Type the commands
470
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Create transfer functions
471
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Create zero-pole-gain models
471
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Set model properties
473
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11freqresp
474
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11gensig
477
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Plot the resulting signal
478
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Syntax hasdelay(sys)
483
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Syntax impulse(sys)
484
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Amplitude
486
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Syntax initial(sys,x0)
488
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Purpose Invert LTI systems
491
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Syntax isys = inv(sys)
491
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Example Consider
491
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Syntax boo = isct(sys)
494
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Syntax boo = isempty(sys)
495
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Example Both commands
495
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Syntax boo = isproper(sys)
496
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Syntax boo = issiso(sys)
497
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Continuous-Time Estimation
498
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Discrete-Time Estimation
499
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Syntax sys = lft(sys1,sys2)
505
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Syntax rlqg = lqgreg(kest,k)
507
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Syntax [K,S,e] = lqr(A,B,Q,R)
511
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Form LQG regulator
512
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Syntax lsim(sys,u,t)
516
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Then simulate with lsim
518
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Syntax ltiview
523
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See Also bode Bode response
524
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11margin
527
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MATLAB responds with
528
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Syntax sysr = minreal(sys)
530
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M odel order reduction
531
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Structured model reduction
531
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Purpose Model order reduction
532
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Syntax n = ndims(sys)
536
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Example sys = rss(3,1,1,3);
536
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Syntax ngrid
537
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Open−Loop Gain (dB)
538
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Syntax nichols(sys)
539
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See Also bode Bode plot
545
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Syntax nyquist(sys)
546
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Syntax Ob = obsv(A,B)
549
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Example Determine if the pair
549
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Syntax [A,B,C,D] = ord2(wn,z)
553
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Syntax [num,den] = pade(T,N)
554
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N>10 should be avoided
556
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11parallel
558
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Purpose Pole placement design
560
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Syntax K = place(A,B,p)
560
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Syntax pzmap(sys)
563
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Imag Axis
564
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Syntax rsys = reg(sys,K,L)
566
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Example sys = rss(4,1,1,2,3);
569
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11rlocfind
570
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Purpose Evans root locus
572
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Syntax rlocus(sys)
572
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Syntax rltool
575
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F and H
578
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Syntax sys = rss(n)
579
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11series
581
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Property
584
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Syntax sgrid
590
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Syntax sigma(sys)
592
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Nichols plot
596
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Nyquist plot
596
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Syntax size(sys)
597
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Test if LTI model is empty
598
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Test if LTI model is SISO
598
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Syntax msys = sminreal(sys)
599
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Syntax sys = ss(a,b,c,d)
601
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Conversion to State Space
602
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Syntax sysT = ss2ss(sys,T)
605
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Syntax [sysb,T] = ssbal(sys)
606
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11ssdata
608
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Syntax step(sys)
610
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Syntax sys = tf(num,den)
614
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Example 4
618
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Discrete-Time
618
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Conventions
618
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11tfdata
621
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Specify transfer functions
623
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Syntax td = totaldelay(sys)
624
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Syntax zgrid
626
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Syntax sys = zpk(z,p,k)
628
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Variable
630
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Selection
630
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Example Example 1
631
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Syntax [z,p,k] = zpkdata(sys)
633
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Get properties of LTI models
635
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Specify zero-pole-gain models
635
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See state-space models
638
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See also LTI models
639
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See transposition
639
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See Kalman estimator
639
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See time response
639
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See I/O groups
640
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See also InputName
640
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See also Simulink LTI Viewer
641
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See delays
641
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See model building
641
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See delay
641
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See frequency response
642
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See also operations
642
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See LTI properties
642
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See Simulink LTI Viewer
643
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See LTI objects
644
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See also OutputName
644
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See transfer functions
647
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See zeros
648
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See zero
648
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See also noise
648
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